Deities & Lore

Written By Stag & Moon

Africa

  • Age

    • Culture: Africa - Dahomey

    • Roles: God of hunters, wilderness, and animals

  • Ahia Njoku

    • Culture: Africa - Igbo

    • Roles: Goddess of yams, agriculture, and farming

  • Aja

    • Culture: Africa - Yoruba

    • Forms: Depicted wearing green, surrounded by plants and birds

    • Roles: Goddess of the forest, animals, and herbal healers

  • Ala/Ani

    • Culture: Africa - Igbo

    • Forms: Depicted as a regal woman sitting on a throne

    • Roles: Goddess of the earth, morality, fertility, and creativity; rules over the underworld

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Unknown

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Unknown 

      • Crystals: Unknown

      • Other: Python, crescent moon

    • Offerings: Yams

  • Amadioha

    • Culture: Africa - Igbo

    • Forms: A man, traditionally depicted wearing red

    • Roles: God of thunder, lightning, justice, love, peace, and unity

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Unknown

      • Crystals: Unknown

      • Other: White ram

    • Offerings: Unknown

  • Amesemi

    • Culture: Africa - Nubian

    • Forms: Often depicted with a crown shaped like a falcon, or with a falcon sitting on a crescent moon on her head

    • Roles: Goddess of protection

  • Apedemak

    • Culture: Africa - Nubian

    • Forms: Often depicted as a man with a lion head, sometimes a three headed lion god with four arms or a snake with a lion head

    • Roles: God of war

  • Ayao

    • Culture: Africa - Yoruba

    • Forms: A woman often pictured in front of a whirlwind, sometimes with feathers 

    • Roles: Goddess of the air, whirlwinds, and storms

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Brown, green

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Unknown

      • Crystals: Unknown

      • Other: Snake, crossbow, quill

    • Offerings: Unknown

  • Chaxiraxi

    • Culture: Africa - Guanche

    • Roles: The Sun Mother

  • Egungun-Oya

    • Culture: Africa - Yoruba

    • Forms: No distinct form, she is a collective of spirits 

    • Roles: Goddess of divination

  • Gleti

    • Culture: Africa - Dahomey

    • Roles: Goddess of the Moon

  • Kwoth/Nhialic

    • Culture: Africa - Nuer/Dinka

    • Forms: No physical form

    • Roles: Creator God 

  • Mamlambo

    • Culture: Africa - Zulu

    • Forms: Large crocodile type animal, and also a snake

    • Roles: Goddess of rivers (and in older myths Goddess of beer)

  • Mawu-Lisa

    • Culture: Africa - Dahomey

    • Roles: Creator of Earth and all beings; the Sun and Moon

  • Mbaba Mwana Waresa

    • Culture: Africa - Zulu

    • Forms: A woman in the clouds often with rainbows, can also shapeshift into animals

    • Roles: Goddess of fertility; also rainbows, agriculture, harvests, rain, and beer

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Rainbow

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Unknown 

      • Crystals: Unknown

      • Other: Unknown

    • Offerings: Beer

  • Mbombo/Bumba

    • Culture: Africa - Kuba

    • Forms: In the creation myth, is said to be giant and glowing white

    • Roles: God of creation

  • Menhit

    • Culture: Africa - Nubian

    • Forms: Lioness-goddess

    • Roles: Goddess of war

  • Moneiba

    • Culture: Africa - Berber; Canary Islands 

    • Roles: Protector and Goddess of women

  • Nana Buluku

    • Culture: Africa - Dahomey

    • Roles: Mother Supreme Creator

  • Nyame

    • Culture: Africa - Akan

    • Forms: They are depicted as both male and female, and it is said their left eye is the sun and right eye is the moon 

    • Roles: Deity of the sky; leader of the Abosom (all Akan spirits and minor gods)

  • Oba

    • Culture: Africa - Yoruba

    • Forms: Depicted as a woman with a pink headscarf and pink robes in a river

    • Roles: Goddess of the River Oba

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Pink

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Unknown 

      • Crystals: Unknown

      • Other: lightning, sword, water buffalo

    • Offerings: Unknown

  • Obatala

    • Culture: Africa - Yoruba

    • Forms: A man, usually in a white robe with white beads, cowrie shells, white flowers, silver jewelry, and sometimes his white staff (opaxoro)

    • Roles: God of purity, clear judgment, creator of humanity; Sky Father and father to all orishas (Yoruba deities); deity and protector of disabled people

    • Associations:

      • Colors: White

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Jasmine

      • Crystals: Unknown

      • Other: White doves

    • Offerings: White melon soup, eko (corn wrapped in plantain leaves), yams

  • Olorun/Olodumare

    • Culture: Africa - Yoruba

    • Forms: Often depicted as a man with a flowing white robe

    • Roles: The Supreme God; King of the Heavens; Supreme King of the Gods, Sky, Earth, Universe

    • Olorun is a supreme being that is outlying and distant and doesn’t partake in human rituals. There are no shrines or sacrifices dedicated directly to him, but he is held at the highest regard, and prayers can be sent to him.

  • Oshun

    • Culture: Africa - Yoruba

    • Forms: A beautiful woman in a gold dress with gold jewelry

    • Roles: Goddess of divinity, femininity, fertility, beauty, and love

    • Associations:

      • Colors: White, yellow, gold

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Unknown

      • Crystals: Unknown

      • Other: Unknown

    • Offerings: Unknown

  • Oya

    • Culture: Africa - Yoruba

    • Forms: Woman wearing the color of wine, displaying nine whirlwinds; sometimes with a turban on her head twisted to look like buffalo horns

    • Roles: Goddess of winds, lightning, violent storms, death, and rebirth

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Purple, burgundy, rainbow

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Unknown

      • Crystals: Unknown

      • Other: Sword, machete, water buffalo, lightning, the number 9

    • Offerings: Akara (type of fritter made from blackeyed peas)

  • Shango

    • Culture: Africa - Yoruba & Candomble

    • Forms: Man, often shirtless with a red garment, cowrie shells, brass crown and often with his ax

    • Roles: God of thunder, lightning, and war

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices:  

      • Crystals: Unknown

      • Other: Red and white beads, numbers 4 and 6 

    • Offerings: Amala de Xango (stew with okra, shrimp, onion, and palm oil), guguru, bitter cola, gbegiri soup

  • Tanit 

    • Culture: Africa - Punic/Phoenician

    • Forms: Woman, usually depicted nude and riding a lion or wearing a lion’s head

    • Roles: Goddess of war; symbol of fertility; mother goddess and nurse

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Unknown

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Palm tree

      • Crystals: Unknown

      • Other: Crescent moon, lion, dove, the Tanit symbol

    • Offerings: Grapes, pomegranate

  • Xevioso

    • Culture: Africa - Dahomey

    • Roles: God of thunder

  • Yemoja

    • Culture: Africa - Yoruba

    • Forms: Often depicted as a beautiful and queen-like mermaid; also a young woman wearing seven skirts to represent the seven seas, and wearing corals, crystals, and tiny bells

    • Roles: Goddess of the sea, rivers, creation, and motherhood; Mother of all living things

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Blue, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Unknown 

      • Crystals: Blue and white colored stones

      • Other: River stones, cowrie shells

    • Offerings: Salt water, sea stars, sea shells, sparkly/shiny trinkets, fragrant items (scented soaps), lamb dishes, watermelon, fish, duck, cake

Celtic 

  • Aengus

    • Culture: Celtic-Irish

    • Forms: Written as a young man, fair-skinned, blonde hair, blue eyes, riding a white horse, wearing gold and a red robe

    • Roles: God of youth, love, summer, and poetic inspiration; Tuatha De Danann

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Green, pink, red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Violet, cherry, basil, sycamore, birch, elder, jasmine, lavender, cinnamon, rose

      • Crystals: Sapphire, tourmaline, ruby, jasper, rose quartz, peridot, copper

      • Other: Cat, dove, sparrow, deer, swan, golden harp

    • Offerings: Incense, red roses, strawberries

  • Aine

    • Culture: Celtic-Irish

    • Forms: Depicted as a beautiful woman with long red hair, wearing a flowing yellow dress and a headband full of stars; she also has shapeshifting abilities and is seen on occasion as a red mare, Lair Derg

    • Roles: Goddess of summer, wealth, the sun, the moon, water, sovereignty, love, and fertility/agriculture; the Faery Queen of Munster 

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red, orange, green, yellow

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Lavender, orchid, meadowsweet, yew, oak, moss

      • Crystals: Moonstone, sunstone, pearl, gold, silver, garnet, quartz

      • Other: Swan, horse, cattle, cow, rabbit, songbirds, sun, moon

    • Offerings: Horseshoes, horse/swan/rabbit imagery, harp or harp imagery, honey, corn, grains

  • Badhbh Catha

    • Culture: Celtic-Irish

    • Forms: Most notably a crow or old woman, occasionally a young woman

    • Roles: Goddess of war; part of the three Morrigan

  • Boann

    • Culture: Celtic-Irish

    • Forms: Not many depictions of her, but some show her as a beautiful and matronly woman with long, flowing dark hair, wearing a blue dress and sometimes with a cow

    • Roles: Goddess of the River Boyne; Goddess of poetry, flowing waters, and spiritual insight

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Green, blue, silver 

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Violet, myrtle, rose, jasmine, willow, hazel

      • Crystals: Aquamarine, moonstone, rose quartz, sodalite, silver, amethyst

      • Other: Cauldron, chalice, cow, salmon

    • Offerings: Hazelnuts, incense

  • Borvo

    • Culture: Celtic

    • Forms: Either depicted as a warrior holding a helmet and shield, and facing a snake; or depicted sitting on a rock holding a cup of bubbling liquid

    • Roles: God of healing and healing waters

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Blue, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Unknown

      • Crystals: Aquamarine, quartz, amethyst

      • Other: Wells, hot springs, helmet, shield, snake, cow

    • Offerings: Incense, spring water

  • Brighid

    • Culture: Celtic-Irish

    • Forms: Many depictions, but is most commonly shown as a beautiful woman with long red hair

    • Roles: Goddess of healers, poets, smiths, childbirth, inspiration, spring, fire and the hearth; Patroness of warfare; Triple Goddess; Tuatha De Danann

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Green, white, yellow, blue

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Heather, rosemary, thyme, bay, dandelion, snowdrop, crocus, trillium, oak, sage, chamomile

      • Crystals: Gold, brass, silver, carnelian, agate, copper, amethyst, jasper, fire agate

      • Other: Acorn, lamb, ewe, cow, snake, Brighid’s cross, corn dollies, flame, bee

    • Offerings: Milk, blackberries, water, bread, coins, herbal tea, ivy, Brighid’s cross, corn dolly

  • Cailleach

    • Culture: Celtic-Gaelic

    • Forms: Many forms, but is commonly depicted as an old woman with one eye and unkempt gray hair

    • Roles: Crone Goddess of winter and transformation; Divine hag; final form of the Triple Goddess

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Black, blue, brown, gray, silver, white, yellow

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Clove, lavender, mugwort, pansy, patchouli, poppy, rose, rue, St. John’s wart, tansy, witch hazel, woodruff, yarrow, elder, elm, hazel, pine, yew, holly, honeysuckle

      • Crystals: Blue howlite, gray agate, turquoise

      • Other: Bat, cattle, deer, fish, goat, mouse, owl, raven, reindeer, sheep, spider, pig, wolf, hammer, skull

    • Offerings: Apples, hazelnuts, turnips, incense, pebbles, hag stones, shells, feathers, boiled sweets

  • Cernunnos

    • Culture: Celtic/Gallo-Roman

    • Forms: The most popular depiction is of a man with antlers sitting cross-legged, flanked by wild animals, holding a torc (large, rigid neck ring) in one hand and a snake in the other; he is always depicted as a man with either antlers or horns

    • Roles: God of nature, flora, fauna/wild animals, fertility; The Horned God; Lord of Wild Things

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Green, brown, gold, dilver 

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Oak, ivy, mistletoe, juniper, cedar, sage, rosemary, pine, cinnamon, ash, valerian, holly, sunflower

      • Crystals: Amethyst, azurite, emerald, iron, jasper, lead, onyx, peridot, amber, jet, tiger’s eye

      • Other: Stag, ram, snake, bull, dog, rat, cauldron, torc, acorn, mistletoe, oak leaf, the sun

    • Offerings: Wine, water, milk, grains, leaves, soil, acorns, tree branches, animal figurines, bread

  • Dagda

    • Culture: Celtic-Irish

    • Forms: Depicted as a bald, chubby man with either red or gray hair unkempt hair and a beard, wearing a tunic that often exposes his bottom half; a somewhat “foolish” appearance compared to how powerful he is

    • Roles: The Good God; Chief of the Tuatha De Danann; God of fertility, agriculture, strength, magic, druidry, and wisdom; Father God

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Oak, oat, willow, hawthorn, chamomile, cedar, juniper, yew 

      • Crystals: Red jasper, yellow jasper, garnet, moss agate, diamond

      • Other: Harp, cauldron

    • Offerings: Oatmeal, porridge, mead, Irish whisky, poteen, butter, beer, oat bannocks

  • Danu

    • Culture: Celtic-Irish

    • Forms: Commonly depicted as a matronly woman wearing a red cloak, often with blue-ish skin; sometimes seen as a pale-skinned woman with long brown hair wearing a white or gold dress, sometimes pregnant

    • Roles: Mother Goddess of the Tuatha De Danann; Goddess of water

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Blue, green, silver, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Apple, hawthorn, oak, rowan, oat

      • Crystals: Amber, gold

      • Other: Mare, salmon, seagull, snake, crown

    • Offerings: Apples, flower blossoms, water, river stones

  • Dian Cecht

    • Culture: Celtic-Irish

    • Forms: Commonly depicted as a druid wearing a long hemp tunic; his face has sharp features, his hair is long and tangled with twigs and plants, he has a long brown goatee, and black eyes

    • Roles: God of healing; healer of the Tuatha De Danann

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Mistletoe, oak

      • Crystals: Silver, bloodstone

      • Other: Cauldron, wells

    • Offerings: Water, herbal tea

  • Don

    • Culture: Celtic-Welsh

    • Forms: Not many known depictions, she is often shown very similar to Danu, a matronly woman wearing a cloak

    • Roles: Goddess of the Heavens, Air, Sea, and the Moon; Mother Goddess

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Green, silver, blue, black

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Holly, juniper, yew, myrrh, cypress, comfrey, elm, ivy, apple

      • Crystals: Onyx, jet, amber, lead, gold

      • Other: Snake, fish, mare, seagull, goat, cauldron

    • Offerings: Apples, hag stones, incense, water

  • Epona

    • Culture: Celtic-Gaulish/Gallo-Roman

    • Forms: Beautiful woman almost always shown riding or lovingly feeding a horse and accompanied by a dog; sometimes depicted with corn in her lap and carrying a goblet

    • Roles: Goddess of horses; The Great Mare; Patroness of fertility, abundance, healing, and death: a Goddess of peace and matron of soldiers

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Brown, black, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Bodhi, cyclamen, geranium, hazel, mandrake, mistletoe, mustard, apple, oak, pine

      • Crystals: Cat’s eye, ruby, azurite, obsidian, moonstone

      • Other: Horse, cornucopia, keys, dog, bird 

    • Offerings: Apples, hay, sweetgrass, oats, water, stout, roses, rosebuds

  • Eriu/Eire

    • Culture: Celtic-Irish

    • Forms: Many depictions; is known as the personification of Ireland, so is often seen as the island itself; sometimes shown as a beautiful woman with long blonde or red hair, wearing a green dress

    • Roles: Matron Goddess of Ireland; Tuatha De Danann; Triple Goddess with her sisters Banba and Fotla

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Green

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Shamrock 

      • Crystals: Unknown

      • Other: The harp

    • Offerings: Unknown

  • Etain

    • Culture: Celtic-Irish

    • Forms: Not many depictions, but is always shown as a beautiful woman with pale-skin and long red hair

    • Roles: Sun Goddess originally; Moon Goddess; The Shining One; Goddess of transformation and love

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Unknown

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Apple blossoms, lilac 

      • Crystals: Unknown

      • Other: Butterfly, serpent, swan

    • Offerings: Unknown

  • Lir

    • Culture: Celtic-Irish

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Personification of the sea: God of the sea

  • Lugh

    • Culture: Celtic-Irish

    • Forms: Most commonly described as a youthful warrior; sometimes described as tall, and with golden skin and red hair

    • Roles: God of Druids and the sun; Tuatha De Danann; a God of justice, oath keeping, and nobility; Patron of craftspeople

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red, gold, orange, yellow

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Apple, birch, holly, yew

      • Crystals: Obsidian, sapphire, topaz, brass, gold

      • Other: Rooster, crane, eagle, raven, boar, dog, horse, lion, lyx, raven, spear, slingshot

    • Offerings: Bread, cookies, wheat cakes, grains, wine

  • Macha

    • Culture: Celtic-Irish

    • Forms: Many depictions but most commonly seen as a beautiful woman with long bright red hair and wearing a long red dress; sometimes takes the form of a crow

    • Roles: Goddess of war and sovereignty; one aspect of the triple Goddess Morrigan; Tuatha De Danann

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red, black, dark brown

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Vervain, oat, coltsfoot, acorn, apple

      • Crystals: Garnet, clear quartz, citrine

      • Other: Horse, crow

    • Offerings: Acorns, grains, dark beer, red wine, apples

  • Manannan/Manannan Mac Lir

    • Culture: Celtic-Irish

    • Forms: Often depicted as an older man with long white hair and beard, wearing a cloak of mist and a flaming helmet; sometimes shown as a handsome warrior, riding a chariot over the sea; he is also a shape-shifter

    • Roles: God of the sea; King of the Otherworld

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Blue

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Alder, apple, hazel, blackberry, reed 

      • Crystals: Azurite, conch shell, turquoise, gold, silver

      • Other: Crane, swan, boar, crow, dog, horse, pig, dolphin, sea horse, whale, cauldron, chariot

    • Offerings: Reeds, cattails, apples, beer

  • Morrigan

    • Culture: Celtic-Irish

    • Forms: She is a shapeshifter so there are many many depictions; when an individual, she is often depicted as either a beautiful warrior woman or maiden, with pale skin and long black hair, wearing black and surrounded by crows; she also often takes the form of a crow or old crone 

    • Roles: Goddess of war, victory, and death; three Morrigna (Badb, Macha, Nemain); Tuatha De Dannan

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Black, red, purple, blue

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Hawthorn, mugwort, belladonna, sage, cinnamon, violet

      • Crystals: Obsidian, onyx, opal, amethyst, clear quartz, tiger’s eye 

      • Other: Spear, sword, crow & raven, wolf, horse, skulls, bones

    • Offerings: Red wine, meat, black coffee, cherries, bones, incense, hag stones, feathers

  • Nantosuelta

    • Culture: Celtic

    • Forms: Depicted as a beautiful matronly woman wearing a long dress, holding a pole with a model house on the top, and sometimes a beehive or libation bowl

    • Roles: Goddess of nature, earth, fire, and fertility

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Green, red, brown

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: All of them 

      • Crystals: Unknown

      • Other: Raven, dog, beehive

    • Offerings: Red wine, fruit, honey & honeycombs

  • Ogma

    • Culture: Celtic-Gaulish/Irish

    • Forms: Often depicted in a triad with his brothers, Dagda and Lugh, forming a trinity called the Tri Dee Dana (Three Gods of Skill); sometimes with a chain from his tongue, connected to his followers ears; sometimes as a buff man in warrior attire, holding a sword

    • Roles: God of communication and writing; Tuatha De Dannan

  • Rhiannon

    • Culture: Celtic-Welsh

    • Forms: Often manifests as a beautiful young woman, dressed in a glittering gold gown, riding her white horse, with mystical singing birds flying around her; sometimes is depicted as a mare, with her son as a foal at her side

    • Roles: Welsh Goddess of horses; Celtic Goddess of fertility, rebirth, wisdom, magic, transformation, beauty, artistic inspiration, and poetry; Celtic Moon Goddess; Divine Queen of Faeires

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Black, brown, dark green, gold, gray, red, silver, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Sage, rosemary, bergamot, geranium, jasmine, lavender, narcissus, daffodil, pansy, white flowers, cedar, pine

      • Crystals: Gold, silver, amethyst, bloodstone, cat’s eye, crystal quartz, garnet, moonstone, ruby, turquoise

      • Other: Badger, dog, dragon, frog, horse, hummingbird, songbird, horseshoes

    • Offerings: Music, horseshoes, white flowers, horse figurines, apples, willow, ivy, evergreens, grains, incense

  • Rosmerta

    • Culture: Celtic/Gallo-Roman

    • Forms: Depicted as a beautiful woman with arms outstretched, sometimes holding a patera (offering dish); sometimes depicted sitting on her throne while Mercury offers her the contents of his purse

    • Roles: Goddess of fertility, abundance, and peace

  • Sirona

    • Culture: Celtic-Gaulish

    • Forms: Often depicted wearing a long dress and a diadem and veil, holding a cornucopia in one hand and a patera in the other which she is offering to a coiled snake; sometimes holding a patera and scepter; in Celtic depictions she is often depicted with a dog on her lap, three eggs, and a snake around her arm

    • Roles: Goddess of fertility, healing, renewal, and regeneration associated with thermal springs

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Blue

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Grape, wheat

      • Crystals: Unknown

      • Other: Dog, snake, patera, scepter

    • Offerings: Mineral water, wine, coins, milagros, eggs (real, marble, crystal), images of snakes, snakeskins, fruit

  • Sulis

    • Culture: Celtic

    • Forms: Sometimes depicted as a matronly woman wearing heavy garments, with a hat made of a bear's head, and her foot resting on an owl

    • Roles: Goddess of healing, inspiration, prophecy, wisdom, and death; Solar Goddess: Spirit of justice and vengeance; Tutelary deity of the natural hot springs of Bath, England

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Gold, yellow, blue, green

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Acacia, bay laurel, chamomile, marigold, sunflower, ash, birch, cinnamon, clove, frankincense

      • Crystals: Topaz, yellow diamond

      • Other: Antlers, eagle, lion, phoenix, pig

    • Offerings: Incense, water, wheat cakes, offering dishes

  • Taranis

    • Culture: Celtic

    • Forms: Few depictions of him, but most commonly a bearded man with a thunderbolt in one hand and a wheel in the other 

    • Roles: God of storms and thunder

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Purple, dark blue

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Cinquefoil, clove, oakmoss, cinnamon, nutmeg, sage

      • Crystals: Amethyst, lepidolite, sugilite, tin 

      • Other: Wheel, thunderbolt, chariot, bull, eagle

    • Offerings: Wheels, lightening imagery, daggers, feathers, baked goods, meat, alcohol, strong incense, candles

Egypt

  • Anubis/Anpu

    • Culture: Egyptian

    • Forms: Canine or man with canine head

    • Roles: God of death, mummification, embalming, the afterlife, cemeteries, tombs, and the Underworld

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Black, gold

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Cypress, ebony, cinnamon, clove

      • Crystals: Obsidian, smoky quartz, black onyx, labradorite, jet, and hematite, lapis lazuli, moonstone, 

      • Other: The Ankh

    • Offerings: Beer, bread, water, bitter chocolate, rum, feathers, keys, bones

  • Atum/Tem

    • Culture: Egyptian

    • Forms: A person wearing either the royal head-cloth or the dual white and red crown of Upper and Lower Egypt (sometimes a serpent, mongoose, lion, bull, lizard, or ape)

    • Roles: Known as the First God, also the God of pre-existence and post-existence, they embody the essence of both male and female sexes

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Acacia

      • Crystals: Peridot

      • Other: The sun, scarab, lion, serpent

    • Offerings: Bread, beer, water

  • Bastet/Bast

    • Culture: Egyptian

    • Forms: Black cat, woman with a cat head (originally a lioness) sometimes seen with a knife 

    • Roles: Goddess of cats, protection, pregnancy & childbirth (originally was a lioness goddess of the sun)

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: cannabis, catnip, cinnamon, vervain

      • Crystals: Cat’s eye

      • Other: Perfume bottles, lion, cat

    • Offerings: Catnip, fish

  • Geb

    • Culture: Egyptian

    • Forms: A bearded man, a man made of earth covered in rivers, forests, and hills (sometimes a ram, bull, or crocodile)

    • Roles: God of the earth

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Brown, green

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Pine, sage, mugwort

      • Crystals: Agate, obsidian, onyx, malachite, green tourmaline, peridot, jet stone

      • Other: The earth

    • Offerings: Almonds, honey, acorns, beer, barley, corn

  • Horus/Hor

    • Culture: Egyptian

    • Forms: Falcon, man with falcon head (sometimes human child)

    • Roles: God of the sky, sun, kingship, protection, and healing

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Green, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Saffron, acacia, white lotus, iris, olive

      • Crystals: Bloodstone, carnelian, lapis lazuli, turquoise, malachite

      • Other: Eye of Horus (wedjat)

    • Offerings: Bread, cakes, beer, water, knives

  • Isis/Auset

    • Culture: Egyptian

    • Forms: A human woman wearing a throne-like hieroglyph on her head, or Hathor’s headdress, sometimes with a colorful set of wings

    • Roles: Goddess of magic, wisdom and Patron of magicians

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red, gold

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Acacia, gardenia, jasmine, iris, blue lotus, lilies, rose, saffron

      • Crystals: Lapis lazuli, bloodstone, moonstone, pearl, carnelian, rose quartz, aventurine, gold

      • Other: Cow, scorpion, sparrow, Knot of Auset

    • Offerings: Almonds, honey, beer, bread, sweet wine, pomegranates, date figs, milk

  • Khonsu

    • Culture: Egyptian

    • Forms: A mummy or man with a sidelock of hair (like a child), as well as the menat necklace with crook and flail, and sometimes shown having an eagle, hawk, or falcon head

    • Roles: God of the moon

    • Associations:

      • Colors: White

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Iris, jasmine, lily

      • Crystals: Moonstone

      • Other: Number 9, the moon, snakes

    • Offerings: Unknown

  • Nekhbet

    • Culture: Egyptian

    • Forms: A vulture, often holding a shen symbol (representing eternal protection)

    • Roles: Goddess of vultures as well as the Patron of the pharoah, the city of Nekheb, and Ancient Egypt

    • Associations:

      • Colors: White

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Lotus, lily

      • Crystals: Lapis lazuli

      • Other: Vulture, Shen ring

    • Offerings: Beer, bread, water

  • Nephthys/Nebet-Hut

    • Culture: Egyptian

    • Forms: A young woman, wearing a headdress in the shape of a house and basket

    • Roles: Goddess of funeral rites and less notably the night/darkness, childbirth, the dead, protection, magic, health, and beer

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Black, red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Acacia, blue & white lotus, lily

      • Crystals: Pearl, ruby, star sapphire

      • Other: Crows, bones, silver

    • Offerings: Water, bread, almonds, milk, beer

  • Nut/Nwt

    • Culture: Egyptian

    • Forms: A star-covered nude woman wearing a water pot or a cow

    • Roles: Goddess of the sky, stars, cosmos, mothers, astronomy, and the universe

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Dark blue

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Sycamore

      • Crystals: Lapis lazuli

      • Other: Stars, cows

    • Offerings: Bread, beer, water, dates, honey, round pots, almond milk

  • Osiris/Wesir

    • Culture: Egyptian

    • Forms: Green-skinned with a pharaoh's beard, partially mummy-wrapped at the legs, wearing an atef crown, and holding a crook and flail

    • Roles: God of fertility, agriculture, the afterlife, the dead, resurrection, life, and vegetation

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Dark green, black

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Acacia, cedar, willow, orris root, iris

      • Crystals: Turquoise, moss agate, gold, lapis lazuli, malachite, carnelian

      • Other: Phoenix

    • Offerings: Wheat bread

  • Ra

    • Culture: Egyptian

    • Forms: Falcon or man with falcon head

    • Roles: God of the sun

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red, orange, yellow, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Acacia, chamomile, cannabis, sunflower, blue lotus

      • Crystals: Carnelian, gold, tiger’s eye, topaz, turquoise, citrine

      • Other: Sun, Bennu bird (gray heron)

    • Offerings: Bread, beer, pomegranate wine, dates, olive oil, honey, water, oranges, lemons 

  • Shu

    • Culture: Egyptian

    • Forms: Human man with feathers on his head

    • Roles: God of peace, lions, air, wind

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Sky blue

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Gardenia, acacia, anise

      • Crystals: Quartz, howlite, blue topaz, amethyst, turquoise

      • Other: Ostrich feather

    • Offerings: Bread, beer, water, paper fans

  • Sobek

    • Culture: Egyptian

    • Forms: Crocodile or human man with crocodile head

    • Roles: God of crocodiles (less notably pharaonic power, fertility, military prowess, and protection)

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Green, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Marjoram, oregano

      • Crystals: Gold

      • Other: Crocodile

    • Offerings: Eggs

  • Thoth/Djehuty

    • Culture: Egyptian

    • Forms: Human man with the head of an ibis or an ibis (sometimes a baboon)

    • Roles: God of the moon, wisdom, writing, hieroglyphs, science, magic, art, and judgment

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Blue

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Lavender

      • Crystals: Opal

      • Other: Scrolls, the moon

    • Offerings: Notebook, pen/pencil, ink, paper, books, figs

Greek

  • Aphrodite

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: A beautiful woman often depicted nude or in a white robe, sometimes standing in a giant seashell

    • Roles: Goddess of love, beauty, sexuality, and fertility

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Pink, red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Myrtle, rose, apple, myrrh, cinnamon, cypress, daisy, iris, marjoram, olive, orris, quince

      • Crystals: Abalone

      • Other: Dove, sparrow, swan, dolphin, hare, goose, fish, butterfly, bee, seashell, mirror, scepte

    • Offerings: Wine, honey, fruits, incense, roses, seashells, mirrors

  • Apollo

    • Culture: Greek & Roman

    • Forms: Often depicted as a handsome, beardless young man with long hair and a branch of laurel, bow and quiver of arrows, raven, and lyre

    • Roles: God of oracles, healing, archery, music and arts, sunlight, knowledge, herds and flocks, and protection of the young

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Gold, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Palm tree, anise, apple, bay, orange, heliotrope, hyacinth, lily of the valley, sunflower, anise, mistletoe

      • Crystals: Amber, sapphire, citrine, sunstone, carnelian

      • Other: Bow and arrow, lyre, pick, sword, wolf, dolphin, deer, swan, cicada, raven, hawk, crow, snake, mouse, griffin

    • Offerings: Wine, incense, solar images, bay laurel, honey, apples, golden cakes

  • Ares

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: A man, usually depicted in armor with a sword and spear, wearing red

    • Roles: God of war and courage

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Violet, ash tree, willow, thorny plants 

      • Crystals: Red stones; garnet, ruby, bloodstone

      • Other: Spear, helmet, snake, vulture, woodpecker, owl

    • Offerings: Incense, red wine, spicy foods, red meat, red stones, snake skin

  • Artemis

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: A woman often depicted in a white hunting robe/dress with a bow and arrow, often with a deer at her side

    • Roles: Goddess of nature, childbirth, wildlife, the moon, the hunt, sudden death, animals, virginity, young women, and archery

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Silver, white, red, green

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Mugwort, wormwood, tarragon, cedar, myrtle, oak, fig, bay, walnut, willow, fir

      • Crystals: Moonstone, amethyst, quartz, moss agate, diamond, silver, pearl

      • Other: Bow and arrow, crescent moon, spear, all animals

    • Offerings: Artemisia plants, honey cakes, boar’s tusks, bow and arrow (or representations of), bark or fruits from her sacred trees (cedar, oak, walnut, willow), any donation or care of forests and wild animals made in her name

  • Athena

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: A woman often depicted wearing a helmet and holding a spear, sometimes in a white robe with red and gold armor; can transform into an owl

    • Roles: Goddess of wisdom, handicraft, heroism, courage, war, strategy, industry, and cities

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Olive trees, oak, willow, pear, pomegranate

      • Crystals: Moonstone, amethyst, quartz, moss agate, diamond, silver, pearl

      • Other: Owls, snakes, carrion crows, vultures, sea eagles, swallow dove, spider, wolf, dog, horse, lion, goat, sheep, griffin, sphinx, aegis, armor, helmets, spears, gorgoneion, chariots, spindle, distaff, loom, grave digger’s tools, lightning bolt

    • Offerings: Incense; images of owls, spiders, and ships; young Athenian women once offered Athena sacrifices of their own hair

  • Demeter

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: Usually portrayed as a fully-clothed and matronly-looking woman, either enthroned or standing with an extended hand; sometimes holding a torch or scythe looking for Persephone; sometimes shown with golden hair and holding wheat or grain; she is a shape-shifter and has sometimes been depicted as a mare

    • Roles: Goddess of the harvest, agriculture, fertility and sacred law; the cycle of life and death

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Barley, wheat, grains in general, poppies, pomegranate, pennyroyal, oak

      • Crystals: Garnet, topaz, citrine, amber

      • Other: Pigs, horses, snakes, grasshopper, crane 

    • Offerings: Mint-flavored barley water, wreaths of grain, votive pigs, images of women carrying piglets, focaccia bread

  • Dionysus

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: Earlier depictions shown him as a mature man, bearded and robed holding a thyrsus; later images and the most well-known depiction is of a young andrygynous man with long dark hair, often nude or partially nude, wearing an ivy crown and holding either grapes or wine; can take the form of a lion, bull, and goat

    • Roles: God of wine, vegetation, fertility, festivity, ritual madness, religious ecstasy, theater

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Purple, wine

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Grapevines, ivy, walnut trees, fig trees

      • Crystals: Amethyst

      • Other: Thyrsus (fennel wand topped with a pine cone), symbols, drums, leopards, snakes, mules, donkeys, goats, lions, theatrical masks 

    • Offerings: Wine, grapes, honey, olive oil, apples, figs, incense, ivy, art

  • Eros

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: Eros has had many depictions (older man, infant, mischievous boy), but he is most commonly depicted as a handsome young man, nude, with wings, carrying either a bow and arrow or a lyre. 

    • Roles: God of love, lust and sex

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Apple, myrtle, rose

      • Crystals: Rose quartz, diamond

      • Other: Hare, bow and arrow, lyre, heart

    • Offerings: Apples, grapes, roses, bow and arrow imagery, cakes, honey, wine, candles

  • Gaia

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: In classical art Gaia was represented either as a matronly woman half risen from the earth, or as a woman reclining upon the earth surrounded by a host of Carpi

    • Roles: Goddess of the earth; personification of the earth; ancestral mother of all life

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Green, brown

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: All of them! 

      • Crystals: Agate, quartz, emerald, green calcite, turquoise, malachite, peridot, amazonite, moonstone

      • Other: The earth, cornucopia, snakes, pigs, bulls, bees

    • Offerings: Wildflowers, fruits, grains, honey, wine, milk

  • Hades

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: He was greatly feared, so he was not often depicted, but if he was, it was mostly as a very regal man with a beard, often looking solemn. His three-headed dog Cerberus was often by his side, and in later art, he was often holding a bident (two pronged trident).

    • Roles: God of the dead and King of the Underworld

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Black, gray, silver, gold

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: White poplar, pomegranate, cypress, mint, myrrh, patchouli, bay, pumpkin, yew, wormwood, cinnamon, lavender, willow, oak, marigold, dandelion, rose, lily, daisies, rowan, poppy, daffodils, calendulas

      • Crystals: Hematite, onyx, obsidian, jet

      • Other: Cornucopia, keys, serpent, owl, black horse, sheep, cattle, Cerberus

    • Offerings: Red wine, mint, honey, garlic, pomegranate, coins, olive oil, bones, incense

  • Hecate

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: Originally depicted as a woman in single form, holding burning torches; later depictions show her in triple-form, back to back, sometimes accompanied by barking dogs

    • Roles: Goddess of boundaries, crossroads, witchcraft, and ghosts

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Black, silver

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Belladonna, mandrake, hemlock, poppy, lavender, dandelion, hellebore, garlic, mugwort, yew, cypress, oak, willow

      • Crystals: Moonstone, sapphire, black tourmaline, hematite, jet, obsidian, onyx

      • Other: Triple moon, dark moon, the crone, cauldrons, torch, key, dagger, rope, frog, snake, crow, owl

    • Offerings: Dandelions, poppies, lavender, almonds, figs, black olives, wine, water, honey

  • Helio

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: Depicted as a young man with a radiant crown, driving a horse-drawn carriage through the sky

    • Roles: God of the sun; personification of the sun

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Gold, yellow, red, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Heliotrope, sunflower, poplar

      • Crystals: Amber, su

      • nstoneOther: The sun, sun aureole (a halo-like aura of sun beams), golden cup, white horses, lion, wolf, rooster

    • Offerings: Honey, golden cakes, golden raisins, white wine, whiskey, Goldschläger, gold shavings, sunflowers, candles

  • Hephaestus

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: Sometimes portrayed as a vigorous man with a beard holding a hammer or some other crafting tool, his oval cap, and the chiton. He was also sometimes depicted with curved feet; sometimes bent over an anvil working

    • Roles: God of fire, metalworking, stone masonry, forges, the art of sculpture, technology and blacksmiths

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red, black

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Daisy, frankincense

      • Crystals: Metals (silver, gold, brass)

      • Other: Hammer, crescent-moon ax, cane, crab, snake

    • Offerings: Wine, smith’s tools, seashells, olive oil, metal, bread, sculptures/pottery

  • Hera

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: Often portrayed as majestic and solemn, enthroned, crowned with the polos (a high cylindrical crown worn by several of the Great Goddesses), and sometimes holding a pomegranate in her hand. 

    • Roles: Goddess of marriage, women, childbirth, and family; Queen of the Gods

    • Associations:

      • Colors: White, dark blue, purple, dark green, silver

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Lily, poppy, iris, rose, willow, lotus

      • Crystals: Pearls, garnet, citrine, amber, star sapphire

      • Other: Crown, cuckoo, cow, lion, peacock

    • Offerings: White roses, honey, bread, pomegranate, fruit, wine, peacock imagery, cuckoo imagery, incense

  • Hermes

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: In Archaic Greece he was usually depicted as a mature man, bearded, and dressed as a traveler, herald, or shepherd. In Classical and Hellenistic Greece, he was usually depicted as a young, athletic man with no beard. He is also often shown holding a caduceus and wearing a petsos (wide-brimmed hat), and in later representations, wearing winged sandals 

    • Roles: God of boundaries, roads and travelers, thieves, athletes, shepherds, commerce, speed, cunning, wit and sleep; guider of souls to the Underworld

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Silver, gold, purple

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Anise, crocus, frankincense

      • Crystals: Silver, gold, amethyst, quartz, orange topaz, agate

      • Other: Herald's staff, caduceus, winged sandals, ram, tortoise, hawk

    • Offerings: Beer, white wine, honey, chamomile tea, olive oil, strawberries, incense, feathers 

  • Hestia

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: She is occasionally depicted as a woman, modestly cloaked in a head veil, sometimes with a staff in hand or by a large fire. Sometimes she is shown sitting on a plain wooden throne.

    • Roles: Goddess of the hearth, home, domesticity, virginity, family, and the state

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Gold, dark rose, lavender, silver, black

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Angel's trumpet (Datura), California poppy, goldenrod, hollyhock, purple coneflower, yarrow

      • Crystals: Amethyst, garnet, gold, silver, brass

      • Other: Donkey, pig, hearth, keys, fire 

    • Offerings: Baked goods, sweet wine, bread, olive oil, flowery incense, pictures of family/home, homemade garments

  • Nyx

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: Her appearance was quite exponential, she was said to be over 40 feet tall, and is normally depicted as a winged goddess surrounded by shadow, or made of dark ash with glowing eyes and a crown

    • Roles: Goddess of the night; primordial deity, personification of night

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Black, dark green, dark blue, dark purple

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Blackthorn, cypress, holly, juniper, witch hazel, comfrey, honeysuckle, ivy, lavender, mugwort, vervain

      • Crystals: Amethyst, hematite, moss agate, moonstone, smoky quartz

      • Other: Blue jay, crow, sparrow, stars, eggs

    • Offerings: Milk, dark feathers, dark liquor, red wine, dark chocolate, honey, roses, lilies, incense

  • Pan

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: He is depicted with the hindquarters, legs and horns of a goat, similar to a satyr

    • Roles: God of nature, the wild, shepherds, and flocks; iis often associated with sexuality and fertility

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Brown, green, red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Reed, pine, violet, thistle, hemp

      • Crystals: Jasper, amber, tiger’s eye, unakite, smoky quartz, bloodstone, turquoise

      • Other: Goat, ram, shepard’s hook

    • Offerings: Wine, mead, beer, goat’s milk, water, honey, grain, fruits, honey-cakes, hemp or cannabis, pine needles

  • Persephone

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: Commonly depicted as a young woman in a long robe, holding sheaths of grain and a torch

    • Roles: Goddess of the dead, life, grain, and destruction; Queen of the underworld

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Black, green, blue, purple, magenta, yellow

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Daisy, lily, lavender, narcissus, mint, iris, violet, rose, poppy, willow, cypress

      • Crystals: Onyx, obsidian, quartz, jasper, coral, agate, citrine, topaz, peridot, sapphire, amethyst

      • Other: Pomegranate, torch, bees, bats, crown, rivers & springs

    • Offerings: Pomegranates, pomegranate wine, spring water, honey, wildflowers, grains, bread, milk

  • Poseidon

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: Often depicted as a mature man with a sturdy build and dark beard holding a trident; in some Greek art, he is shown rising a chariot being pulled by a hippocampus or by horses that could ride on the sea 

    • Roles: God of the sea, storms, earthquakes, horses

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Blue, green, silver

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Pine, wild celery, mint

      • Crystals: Pearl, blue sapphire, aquamarine

      • Other: Trident, bull, horse, dolphin, 

    • Offerings: Ocean water, honey, olive oil, seaweed, conch shells, sea salt, sea glass, sand, horse imagery, marine mammal/fish/ocean imagery

  • Selene

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: Depicted as a beautiful young woman with long hair, with a crescent moon on her brow, driving a chariot through the night sky; sometimes with a glowing nimbus behind her head or horns

    • Roles: Goddess of the moon; personification of the moon

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Silver, gray, white, red, black, dark blue, purple

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Jasmine, poppy, rose, myrtle, willow

      • Crystals: Moonstone, selenite, pearl, quartz

      • Other: The moon, torch, veil, wolf, dog, bull, cow, horse, bats

    • Offerings: Silver, jasmine, white roses, crescent cakes, water, milk, white wine, honey, pomegranates, apples

  • Thanatos

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: He has many depictions; a winged boy, sleeping child (in Nyx’s arms), a bearded man with wings, sometimes holding an upside down torch, dressed in black, holding a sword

    • Roles: God of death; personification of death

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Black, white, purple

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Poppy, mandrake, mugwort, african violet, periwinkle, cypress, willow

      • Crystals: Onyx, obsidian, jet, black tourmaline, amethyst

      • Other: Inverted torch, butterflies, theta symbol, snake, raven, crow, wings

    • Offerings: Poppies, black coffee/tea, dark chocolate, bones, snake skin, roses, pomegranate wine/juice

  • Uranus

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: Often depicted as an older man with white hair and beard, with a somber look on his face; sometimes he is above the earth, symbolic of his role as Father of the Sky

    • Roles: God of the sky and heavens; primordial deity, Father of the Sky

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Unknown

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Unknown 

      • Crystals: Unknown

      • Other: Zodiac wheel

    • Offerings: Wine, bread, honey, incense

  • Zeus

    • Culture: Greek

    • Forms: He was depicted as a regal, mature man with a sturdy figure and dark beard; sometimes holding a lightning bolt, a royal scepter, or an eagle

    • Roles: God of the sky, lightning, thunder, law, order, justice; King of the Gods

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Silver, blue, white, gold

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Oak, olive tree, cinnamon, laurel, pine

      • Crystals: White & yellow diamonds, lapis lazuli, blue & yellow sapphires, gold

      • Other: Lightning bolt, eagle, bull

    • Offerings: Wine, tea, bread, fruit, incense, crown imagery, lightning bolt imagery

Hindu

  • Vishnu

    • Culture: Hindu - India/Nepal/Sri Lanka

    • Forms: Depicted as a well dressed and jeweled man with dark blue, blue-gray or black colored skin; typically shown with four arms, but two armed representations are also found

    • Roles: God of preservation, reality, kala (time), Karma restoration and Moksha; The Protector of Good; Sustainer of Life; second God in Hindu Trimurti (sacred trinity)

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Blue

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Kumkum powder, turmeric, mango leaves, basil, bodhi

      • Crystals: Amethyst, jet, fluorite, lapis lazuli

      • Other: Conch, discus, lotus, mace, 

    • Offerings: Fruits, flowers, sweets, coconut, betel nut, curd, honey, sugar, milk

  • Shiva

    • Culture: Hindu - India/Nepal/Sri Lanka

    • Forms: Depicted with blue skin, four arms, two/four/eight/ten/32 hands, four faces with three eyes each, his third eye located in the center of his forehead, and wearing the crescent moon in his hair; in another manifestation he is depicted as a man wearing animal skins or no clothes, adorned with snakes, scorpions, and a necklace of skulls; his hair tangled and matted, and his face covered with cremation ashes

    • Roles: God of creation, destruction, death, time, fertility, healing, and arts; Deity of the forest, hunting, and fishing, patron and ruler of untouchables and Demons; The Destroyer of Evil; patron of yoga and meditation; third God in Hindu Trimurti (sacred trinity)

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Blue, crimson, ochre red, saffron, olive green

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Cannabis, bel-patra leaf, aak flower, peeli kaner, ber, rudraksh seed, sandalwood

      • Crystals: Shiva lingam

      • Other: Ax, damaru (hand drum made of skulls), trident, staff, bow and arrow, spear, noose, sling, divining rod, rudrak-shamala (bead necklace), bull, snake, deer, tiger

    • Offerings: Flowers, nuts, fruits, coconuts, beautiful things, theatrical plays

  • Brahma

    • Culture: Hindu - India/Nepal/Sri Lanka/Southeast Asia

    • Forms: Commonly depicted as a red or golden complexioned bearded man, with four heads and four hands (pointed to the four cardinal directions); he is seated on a lotus and his vahana (mount) is a hamsa (swan, goose or crane)

    • Roles: God of creation, knowledge and Vedas; Creator of the Universe; first God in Hindu Trimurti (sacred trinity)

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Blue, yellow

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Marigold, lotus flower

      • Crystals: Gold

      • Other: Lotus flower, swan, crane, crown, book

    • Offerings: Incense, marigold garlands, fresh flowers, fruit (oranges and apples), duck eggs, water, coconuts, animal figurines, dance, music

  • Ganesha

    • Culture: Hindu - India/Nepal/Sri Lanka

    • Forms: Depicted as a man with a rose hued skin, a potbelly, an elephant head with one broken tusk, big ears to signify his capacity to listen and hear, and his forehead is marked with vermilion, indicating his tendency to involve himself in issues associated with women and his generosity toward female devotees

    • Roles: God of wisdom, new beginnings, and luck; Remover of Obstacles; patron of arts, sciences, letters, and learning; Deva (deity) of intellect and wisdom; He Who Bestows Blessings; Lord of entrances, thresholds, and crossroads

    • Associations: 

      • Colors: White, red, pink

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Durva (bermuda grass), tulsi (holy basil), vishnu kranta (morning glory), ganjam kewda, dalimb (pomegranate), bael tree, hadga (hummingbird tree), brahmi (water hyssop), jaswand (red hibiscus) 

      • Crystals: Clear quartz, aventurine, tangerine quartz, selenite, kyanite, black tourmaline

      • Other: Ax, lotus, elephant goad, rosary, noose, mouse, snake

    • Offerings: Modaka (type of sweet rice), wheat cakes, peanuts, fruits (bananas), sweets, candy, sugarcane

  • Kartikeya

    • Culture: Hindu - India/Sri Lanka/Malaysia/Nepal

    • Forms: He is usually depicted as a youthful god dressed as a warrior and holding his weapon Vel (lance) in his hand, always accompanied by his mount peacock and a snake; sometimes, he is shown with six faces and 12 hands, carrying different weapons (sword, mace, javelin, discus, bow); sometimes he is depicted along with his two consorts, Deivanai and Valli; in his wrathful form, he is a lion-man

    • Roles: God of victory, war, and knowledge; Commander of the Gods; patron of thieves

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red, yellow, orange

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: White and red arali (oleander), rose, champa flower

      • Crystals: Unknown

      • Other: Spear, lance, peacock

    • Offerings: Milk, fruit, cooked rice, boiled black lentils, flowers, water, chocolate, peacock imagery

  • Parvati

    • Culture: Hindu - India/Nepal/Sri Lanka

    • Forms: Usually represented as golden-skinned (originally darker skinned) and beautiful, wearing a red dress (often a sari), and may have a head-band; when depicted alongside Shiva she generally has two arms, but when alone she may be depicted having four, with her hands holding a trident, mirror, rosary, bell, dish, goad, sugarcane stalk, or flowers and one of her arms in the Abhaya mudra (hand gesture for 'fear not'), one of her children, typically Ganesha, is on her knee

    • Roles: Mother Goddess; Goddess of power, nourishment, devotion, motherhood, fertility, and harmon; Daughter of the Mountain; one goddess in the Hindu Tridevi (with Lakshmi and Saraswati)

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Citron, henna, red lotus, blue lotus, yellow lotus, rudraksha tree

      • Crystals:

      • Other: Crescent moon, yoni/vulva, mirror, bell, rosary, lioness, tiger

    • Offerings: Champa flowers (plumeria), bela mogra flowers (jasmine), palash flowers, vermillion (Hindu red powder), mendhis

  • Lakshmi

    • Culture: Hindu - India/Nepal/Sri Lanka

    • Forms: Depicted in Indian art as an elegantly dressed (with lots of jewelry), golden-skinned woman standing or sitting in padmasana on a lotus throne, while holding a lotus in her hand; sometimes shown with four hands (representing the four aspects of human life important to Hindu culture: dharma, kāma, artha, and moksha)

    • Roles: Mother Goddess; Goddess of fortune, wealth, power, love, abundance, prosperity, beauty, and maya (magic); one goddess in the Hindu Tridevi (with Parvati and Saraswati)

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red, gold, yellow

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Lotus, bael tree, holy basil (tulsi)

      • Crystals: Gold

      • Other: Conch shell, wheel, mace, lotus, cow, elephant, owl, six-pointed star

    • Offerings: Fruit, flowers, candy, incense, milk, beads, coins, sandal paste, saffron paste, perfume, turmeric, kumkum, abir, gulal, marigold, rose, lotus, chrysanthemum

  • Saraswati

    • Culture: Hindu - India/Nepal/Sri Lanka/Java/Bali

    • Forms: Often depicted as a beautiful woman dressed in pure white, seated on a white lotus, which symbolizes light, knowledge and truth; generally shown to have four arms (sometimes two) and hands holding a book, rosary, water pot, and musical instrument; at her feet is often a hamsa (swan/goose) or a peacock

    • Roles: Mother goddess; goddess of knowledge, music, arts, speech, wisdom, learning and the Saraswati River

    • Associations:

      • Colors: White, yellow

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Lotus, all yellow and white flowers

      • Crystals: Pearl

      • Other: Vina, books

    • Offerings: Saffron, mango leaves, fruits, desserts, prasad, yellow and white flowers, sandalwood, pens, books

  • Durga

    • Culture: Hindu - India/Nepal/Sri Lanka

    • Forms: Depicted as a beautiful, bejeweled woman riding a lion or tiger into battle; often depicted slaughtering a buffalo Demon, she has between eight and eighteen hands, each holding a weapon to destroy and create (chakra, conch, bow, arrow, sword, javelin, trishul, shield, noose)

    • Roles: Mother Goddess; Goddess of preservation, power, energy, strength and protection; The Unconquerable One; The Invincible; The One Who Eliminates Suffering

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Orange, pink, red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Pink lotus, turmeric, marigold

      • Crystals: Ruby, yellow sapphire, red coral

      • Other: Trident, thunderbolt, discus, conch shell, bow and arrows, sword, lion, tiger

    • Offerings: Flowers, fruit (mangos), sweets, incense, marigold garlands

  • Kali

    • Culture: Hindu - India/Nepal/Sri Lanka

    • Forms: In her most popular form, she is four-armed, described as being black in color but is most often depicted as blue, her eyes are described as red with rage, her hair is disheveled, small fangs sometimes protrude out of her mouth, and her tongue is lolling; she is often shown wearing a skirt made of human arms, a garland of human heads, and a tiger skin; she is accompanied by serpents and a jackal while standing on Shiva, usually right foot forward to symbolize the more popular Dakshinamarga (right-handed path); the serpents and jackals are shown to drink the blood of Rakta-bija's head which she is holding; in the ten-armed form of Mahakali she is depicted as shining like a blue stone, with ten faces, ten feet, three eyes for each head, and ornaments hanging off of every limb

    • Roles: Goddess of time, change, creation, destruction and power; Kali Ma (Mother Kali)

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Black, red, midnight blue, purple

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Red hibiscus, red rhododendron, poinsettia 

      • Crystals: Obsidian, labradorite, garnet

      • Other: Mirror, black cauldron, chalice, crow, jackal, scimitar, sword, trident

    • Offerings: Red hibiscus flowers, jaggery, sweets, rice, lentils, fruits

  • Mariamman

    • Culture: Hindu - India (South)/Sri Lanka/Southeast Asia

    • Forms: Usually pictured as a beautiful young woman with a red-hued face, wearing a red dress; typically with two or four arms, she is usually sitting or standing, holding a trident in one hand and a bowl in the other; sometimes one hand is displaying the abhaya mudra (to ward off fear); she has another aspect, where she has fangs and wild hair

    • Roles: Goddess of rain and fertility; Healer of “heat-based” illnesses (pox, rashes, etc)

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red, yellow

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Neem leaf 

      • Crystals: Brass

      • Other: Trident, bowl, spear, sword, snake, lion

    • Offerings: Incense, oil lamps, red flowers, pumpkins, limes, milk, eggs

  • Hanuman

    • Culture: Hindu - India/Nepal/Sri Lanka

    • Forms: Most common depiction is of a monkey man with a red face

    • Roles: God of Wisdom, Strength, Courage, Devotion and Self-Discipline

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Arka (milkweed)

      • Crystals: Unknown

      • Other: Unknown

    • Offerings: Vermillion powder, sesame seeds, sesame oil, bananas, fruits, garlands made of arka (milkweed) flowers and leaves, clarified butter

Indigenous Central American

  • Macuilcozcacuauhtli

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of gluttony

  • Macuiltochtli

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of drunkenness

  • Macuilxochitl

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of gambling and music

  • Centzonmimixcoa

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Cloud serpents

    • Roles: Gods of the northern stars

  • Centzonhuitznahua

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Gods of the southern stars

  • Patecatl

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of healing and fertility; discoverer of peyote

  • Ixtlilton

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Said to emanate from an obsidian mask which brought darkness and peaceful sleep to children in their beds at night

    • Roles: God of medicine and healing

  • Cinteteo

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Gods of maize

  • Cipactonal

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of astrology and calendars

  • Huehuecoyotl

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Depictions of his dark side include a coyote appearance (non-human) with black or yellow feathers

    • Roles: God of the arts, deception, and mischief; Lord of music and ceremonial dance; guide of adulthood and adolescence

  • Huehueteotl/Xiuhtecuhtli

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Depicted as an old or even decrepit being, often with a beard

    • Roles: God of fire; Old God; creator of life

  • Ehecatl

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of wind; Creator God

  • Quetzalcoatl-Ehecatl

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Feathered serpent; in the form of Ehecatl he is wind

    • Roles: God of life, light, the sun, wind, air, and wisdom; Ruler of the West; Patron of learning and knowledge

  • Xiuhtecuhtli

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Depicted with his face painted with black and red pigment, wearing the turquoise crown of rulership on his head, a turquoise butterfly pectoral on his chest, a turquoise xiuhtototl bird on his forehead, and the Xiuhcoatl fire serpent on his back. He has plumage resembling a dragon's head, made of yellow feathers with marine conch shells. In his left hand he holds a shield with five greenstones, called chalchihuites, placed in the form of a cross on a thin gold plate and in his right hand he has a scepter topped by two globes.

    • Roles: Father of the Gods; God of fire, day, and heat; Lord of volcanoes; Personification of life after death, warmth in cold, light in darkness, and food during famine

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Unknown

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Unknown

      • Crystals: Turquoise

      • Other: Unknown

    • Offerings: Copal incense and food

  • Mictlantecuhtli

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Depicted as being a 6 foot tall, blood-spattered skeleton or a person wearing a skull (both with eyeballs). His headdress was shown decorated with owl feathers and paper banners and he wore a necklace of human eyeballs, and earspools made from human bones

    • Roles: God of the dead; Ruler of the Underworld (Mictlan)

  • Xolotl

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Typically depicted as a dog-headed man, a skeleton, or a deformed monster with reversed feet

    • Roles: God of fire, lightning, twins, monsters, misfortune, sickness, and deformities

  • Tonacatecuhtli/Ōmetēcuhtli

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of the Creation

  • Piltzintecuhtli

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of the rising sun, healing, visions, and hallucinatory plants

  • Mixcoatl

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Depicted with a black mask over his eyes and distinctive red and white pin stripes painted on his body. Usually wearing hunting gear, including a bow and arrows, and a net or basket for carrying dead game.

    • Roles: God of hunting, war and storms; Personification of the Milky Way; Patron deity of the Otomi and the Chichimecs

  • Tonatiuh

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: In certain depictions, he is painted red and is seen wearing an eagle feather headdress and holding a shield that could be a solar disc. He is often shown with an open mouth and a sacrificial knife known as a "flint" representing his tongue.

    • Roles: God of the sun and daytime sky; Ruler of the East

  • Nanauatzin

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of the Sun; Personification of the sun on earth

  • Tecciztecatl

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: In some depictions, Tecciztecatl carried a large, white seashell on his back, representing the Moon itself; in others he had butterfly wings.

    • Roles: God of the Moon

  • Tezcatlipoca

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: When depicted he was usually drawn with a black and a yellow stripe painted across his face, his right foot replaced with an obsidian mirror, bone, or a snake. Sometimes the mirror was shown on his chest, and sometimes smoke would emanate from the mirror. 

    • Roles: God of providence, the invisible, and darkness; Lord of the Night; Lord of the Ursa Major; Ruler of the North

  • Xipe-Totec

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Depicted wearing flayed human skin, usually with the flayed skin of the hands falling loose from the wrists. His body is often painted yellow on one side and tan on the other, and his mouth, lips, neck, hands and legs are sometimes painted red. He frequently had vertical stripes running down from his forehead to his chin, running across the eyes. He was sometimes depicted with a yellow shield and carrying a container filled with seed.

    • Roles: God of agriculture, vegetation, spring, goldsmiths, silversmiths, liberation, ritual flaying, regeneration, and the seasonsGod of ritual flaying and agriculture, lord of seasons, regeneration and crafts; Ruler of the East

  • Huitzilopochtli

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Depicted either as a hummingbird or as an anthropomorphic figure with just the feathers of such on his head and left leg, a black face, and holding a scepter shaped like a snake and a mirror.

    • Roles: God of war and human sacrifice; Lord of the Sun and fire; Ruler of the South

  • Tepeyollotl

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Depicted as a jaguar with crossed eyes, holding a white staff with green fathers

    • Roles: God of darkened caves, earthquakes, echoes, and jaguars

  • Chalchiutotolin

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Depicted in his turkey form, with green feathers and black/white eyes

    • Roles: God of disease and plague

  • Itztlacoliuhqui

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of frost; Personification of lifeless matter

  • Ītzpāpālōtl

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: She primarily appears in the form of the Obsidian Butterfly, either depicted with bat wings, clear butterfly wings, or eagle attributes. Her wings are obsidian or tecpatl (flint) knife tipped. She could appear in the form of a beautiful, seductive woman or terrible goddess with a skeletal head and butterfly wings supplied with stone blades.

    • Roles: Goddess of war; Ruler of the paradise world of Tamoanchan (the paradise of victims of infant mortality and the place where humans were created)

  • Tlaloc

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Usually depicted with goggled eyes and fangs. He is most often coupled with lightning, maize, and water in visual representations and artwork. 

    • Roles: God of rain, earthly fertility, lightning, earthquakes, and water

  • Cinteotl

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Depicted as a young man with a yellow body, wearing a maize headdress, and a black line painted from his eyebrow to his jaw.

    • Roles: God of maize

  • Xochipilli

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of love, art, games, dance, and song; Lord of flowers, young men and fertility; Patron of homosexuality 

  • Yacatecuhtli

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Patron God of travelers and commerce

  • Tlacotzontli

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of roads

  • Coyolxauhqui

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Goddess of the Moon

  • Mayahuel

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Deity and personification of maguey (agave)

  • Oxomo

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Goddess of the night, astrology and the calendar

  • Coatlicue

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Depicted as a woman wearing a skirt of writhing snakes and a necklace made of human hearts, hands, and skulls. Her feet and hands are adorned with claws and her face is formed by two facing serpents

    • Roles: Mother of the gods; Goddess of fertility; Patroness of life and death; Guide of rebirth

  • Tonacacihuatl

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Goddess of the Creation and fertility

  • Chalchiuhtlicue

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Depicted wearing a headdress consisting of several broad, cotton bands trimmed with amaranth seeds and large round tassels, a shawl adorned with tassels and a skirt. She is often depicted sitting with a stream of water flowing out of or from behind her skirt.

    • Roles: Goddess of water, rivers, streams, storms, and baptism

  • Tlazolteotl

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Goddess of sex, vice, purification, steam baths, lust, and filth; Patroness of adulterers

  • Chicomecoatl

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Depicted either as a young girl carrying flowers, a woman who brings death with her embraces, or a mother who uses the sun as a shield. Her appearance is mostly represented with red ochre on the face, paper headdress on top, water-flowers patterned shirt, and foam sandals on the bottom. She is also described as carrying a sunflower shield. 

    • Roles: Goddess of agriculture, nourishment, plenty, and the female aspect of maize

  • Xochiquetzal

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Depicted as an alluring and youthful woman, richly attired

    • Roles: Goddess of fertility, beauty, and love; Protector of young mothers; Patroness of pregnancy, childbirth, weaving, embroidery, flowers, and young women

  • Malinalxochitl

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Goddess of snakes, scorpions, and desert insects

  • Acat

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of tattooing

  • Ah Muzen Cab

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Typically depicted upside down

    • Roles: God of bees and honey

  • Alom

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of the sky and wood; Creator God

  • Awilix

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Goddess of the Moon; Queen of the Night

  • Bacab

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of the interior of the Earth, thunder, 

  • Bitol

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of the sky; Creator God

  • Buluc Chabtan

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of war, violence, sacrifice, and gambling

  • Cabrakan

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of mountains and earthquakes

  • Cacoch

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator God

  • Camazotz

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of bats and death

  • Chaac

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of storms and rain

  • Chin

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of homosexual relationships

  • Cit Bolon Tum

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of medicine and healing

  • Cizin

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of earthquakes and death

  • Colop U Uichkin

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of eclipse

  • Coyopa

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of thunder

  • Ek Chuaj

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Patron God of warriors and merchants

  • Gukumatz

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator God; Snake God

  • Hum Hau

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of death and the underworld

  • Hunahpu Gutch

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator God

  • Hunahpu Utiu

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator God

  • Hunraqan

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of lightning, weather, winds, storms, and fire; Creator God

  • Ixchel

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Goddess of midwifery and medicine; Jaguar Goddess

  • Ixmucane

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator Goddess

  • Ixpiyacoc

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator God

  • Ixtab

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Goddess of suicide

  • K’inich Ahau

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of the Sun

  • Kisin

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of death

  • Maximon

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of travelers, merchants, medicine men/women, mischief, and fertility

  • Nakon

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of war

  • Nohochacyum

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator & Destroyer God

  • Qaholom

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator God

  • Q’uq’umatz

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator God; Snake God

  • Sip

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of hunting

  • Tepeu

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of the sky; Creator God

  • Xaman Ek

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of travelers and merchants

  • Xmucane & Xpiayoc

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator Gods; Grandmothers of Day; Grandmothers of Light; Midwife & Matchmaker

  • Xquic

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Goddess of the waning Moon

  • Yaluk

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Chief God of lightning

  • Yopaat

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of rain

  • Yum Cimil

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of death, disease, and the underworld

  • Yum Kaax

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Mayan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of the woods, wild nature, and the hunt

  • Malinalxochitl

    • Culture: Indigenous Central American - Aztec

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Goddess of snakes, scorpions, and desert insects

Indigenous North American

  • Tabaldak

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Abenaki

    • Forms: No human form

    • Roles: Creator; Great Spirit

    • Offerings: Tobacco

  • Apistotoke

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Blackfoot

    • Forms: No human form, gender neutral being

    • Roles: Creator

  • Ta’xet

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Haida

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of violent death

  • Tia

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Haida

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of peaceful death

  • Red Horn

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Winnebago

    • Forms: Many ancient forms, a more popular depiction is that of a raptorial bird

    • Roles: Salvation spirit sent by Creator

  • Angwusnasomtaka

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Hopi

    • Forms: Depictions in art and sculpture show her with a mask with crow wings

    • Roles: Crow Mother; Chief Kachina (Pueblo spirit represented by masked dolls); Mother of all the Kachinas

  • Kokopelli

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Hopi/Pueblo

    • Forms: Usually depicted as a humpbacked flute player, often with feathers or antenna-like protrusions on his head

    • Roles: Fertility deity; patron of childbirth and agriculture; Trickster God; represents the spirit of music

  • Kokyangwuti

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Hopi

    • Forms: An old woman or common spider

    • Roles: Spider Grandmother; representative of all good things; Earth Goddess

  • Masauwu

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Hopi

    • Forms: Described as either a handsome, bejeweled manor a bloody and fearsome creature wearing a hideous mask

    • Roles: Skeleton Man; Spirit of death; Earth God; Keeper of fire

  • Tawa

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Hopi

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Sun Spirit; Creator; God of the sun, justice, and victory

  • Kanipinikassikueu 

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Innu

    • Forms: Caribou

    • Roles: Caribou Master; Master and Provider of caribou

  • Igaluk

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Inuit

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of the Moon

  • Nanook

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Inuit

    • Forms: A giant polar bear

    • Roles: God of bears

  • Nerrivik/Sedna

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Inuit

    • Forms: Sometimes depicted as a giant woman with a fishtail 

    • Roles: Goddess of the sea and marine animals; Mother of the sea

  • Pinga

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Inuit

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Goddess of the hunt and medicine; Receiver of souls; Patron of caribou

  • Torngarsuk

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Inuit

    • Forms: He appears in the form of a bear, a one-armed man, or as a grand human creature like one of the fingers of a hand; he is considered to be invisible to everyone but the angakkuit (shaman among Inuit peoples)

    • Roles: Sky God; Leader of the Tornat; Master of whales and seals

  • Adekagagwaa

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Iroquois

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of the Sun; patron of summer

  • Atahensic

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Iroquois

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Goddess of the Sky

  • Hahgwehdaetgah

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Iroquois

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of evil

  • Hahgwehdiyu

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Iroquois

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of goodness and light; Creator God

  • Anpao

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Lakota

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Spirit of the Dawn

  • Hanwi

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Lakota

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Goddess of the Moon

  • Inyan

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Lakota

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Yellow

  • Kssa

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Lakota

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Spirit of knowledge and wisdom; Inventor of language, names, games, and the first lodge, in which fire from Wi was placed at the center

  • O-let’-te/Coyote

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Miwok

    • Forms: Coyote-man

    • Roles: The Creator

  • Cautantowwit

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Narragansett

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator God

  • Asdzą́ą́ Nádleehé/Ahsonnutli

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Navajo

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creation Spirit

  • Haashchʼéé Oołtʼohí

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Navajo

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Deity of the Hunt

  • Niltsi

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Navajo

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of wind

  • To Neinilii

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Navajo

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of rain

  • Jóhonaaʼéí

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Navajo

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of the Sun

  • Yoołgai Asdzą́ą́

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Navajo

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Goddess of the Moon

  • Black God

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Navajo

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator of the stars; God of fire

  • Pah

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Pawnee

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Lunar deity

  • Shakuru

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Pawnee

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Solar deity

  • Tirawa

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Pawnee

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator

  • Amotken

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Salish

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Supreme Deity

  • Eagentci

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Seneca

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Sky Goddess

  • Hawenniyo

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Seneca

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Fertility God

  • Kaakvha

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Seneca

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Solar deity

  • Dohkwibuhch

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Snohomish

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator

  • Yaya

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Taino

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Supreme God; Great Spirit

  • Atabey

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Taino

    • Forms: Depicted as a nude woman

    • Roles: Goddess of fresh water and fertility; female representative of Earth Spirit

  • Guabancex

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Taino

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Storm Goddess; Lady of the Winds

  • Juracan

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Taino

    • Forms: Unknown (representation of a storm or hurricane)

    • Roles: Deity of chaos and disorder

  • Guatauva

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Taino

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of thunder and lightning

  • Boinayel

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Taino

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of the Moon, rain, rainstorms, and floods

  • Marohu

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Taino

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of the sun and good weather

  • Maketaori Guayaba

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Taino

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of Coaybay (land of the dead)

  • Airesekui

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Wyandot

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator God

  • Heng

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Wyandot

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Storm God

  • Iosheka

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Wyandot

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator God

  • Unetlanvhi

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Cherokee

    • Forms: No human form or gender

    • Roles: Creator God; Great Spirit

  • Ussen

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Apache

    • Forms: No human form or gender

    • Roles: Creator God; Great Spirit

  • Sedna

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Aleut

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Sea Woman

  • Aningaaq

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Aleut

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Sun Spirit

  • Sila

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Aleut

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Air Spirit

  • Raven

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Athabascan

    • Forms: Raven

    • Roles: Creator God; Trickster

  • Kah-shu-gooh-yah

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Tlingit

    • Forms: No human form or gender

    • Roles: Creator God

  • Gichi Manidoo/Kichi Manido/Kihci Manito

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Ojibwe/Algonquin/Cree

    • Forms: No human form or gender

    • Roles: Creator God; Great Spirit

  • Jiibayaabooz

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Ojibwe

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Ruler of the Land of the Dead

  • Mandaamin

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Ojibwe

    • Forms: Male figure

    • Roles: Spirit of the Corn

  • Biboon/Bi-bon

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Ojibwe/Algonquin

    • Forms: No human form or gender

    • Roles: Spirit of the North Wind

  • Kisiihiat

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Kickapoo

    • Forms: No human form or gender

    • Roles: Creator God

  • Kishelemukong

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Lenape

    • Forms: No human form or gender

    • Roles: Creator God

  • Waunthut Mennitoow

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Mohican

    • Forms: No human form or gender

    • Roles: Creator God; Great Spirit

  • Atlantow

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Mohican

    • Forms: No human form or gender

    • Roles: Spirit of Death

  • Ahone

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Powhatan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator God; Great Spirit

  • Okeus/Okee

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Powhatan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God associated with war; wrath

  • Mishe Moneto

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Shawnee

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator God; Great Spirit

  • Kehtannit

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Powhatan

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator God; Great Spirit

  • Hobbomock

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Shawnee

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Spirit of Death

  • Caddi Ayo

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Caddo

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator God; Great Spirit

  • Nanishta

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Choctaw

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator God; Great Spirit

  • Hashtali

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Choctaw

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of the Sun

  • Hatakachafa 

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Choctaw

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of hunting and wolves

  • Eskeilay

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Choctaw

    • Forms: Woman with antenna 

    • Roles: Goddess of the underground world, or Earth- womb, where the Choctaw people lived before emerging from the Earth at Nanih Waiya

  • Uncta

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Choctaw

    • Forms: Human or large bronze spider

    • Roles: Spider God

  • Abholi

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Choctaw

    • Forms: Manifests herself as a human- sized swirling tornado of light floating through the swamps and carrying a pipe

    • Roles: Goddess of swamps and undergrowth

  • Hvashi

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Choctaw

    • Forms: Depicted riding across the nighttime sky on a giant owl 

    • Roles: Goddess of the Moon

  • Ohoyochisba

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Choctaw

    • Forms: Beautiful woman dressed in all white

    • Roles: Goddess of corn

  • Ibofanaga

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Muscogee/Creek

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Supreme Deity; Creator of Upper World, Earth, and Lower World

  • Wikatca

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Muscogee/Creek

    • Forms: He had the head of a cougar, the antlers of a deer, the wings of a bird and the body of a giant snake. 

    • Roles: God of water; Lord of snakes

  • Fayetu

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Muscogee/Creek

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of hunting

  • Uvce

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Muscogee/Creek

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Goddess of corn

  • Kikomihci

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Muscogee/Creek

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator God; Creator of human and animal life on Earth

  • Hvuse

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Muscogee/Creek

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: God of the Sun

  • Nerehvuresse

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Muscogee/Creek

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Goddess of the Moon

  • Issa/Wolf

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Shoshone/Ute

    • Forms: Usually represented as a man, but sometimes takes on the form of a wolf

    • Roles: Creator God; Great Spirit

  • Hutash

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Chumash

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Goddess of the Earth

  • Matevilya

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Mojave

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator God; Creator of the Earth and humans

  • Mustamho

    • Culture: Indigenous North American - Mojave

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Creator God; Creator of animals and shaping the Earth

Norse

  • Baldur 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Tall handsome man with long hair and a thick beard

    • Roles: God of beauty, innocence, peace, rebirth, love, light, and loyalty

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Yellow, gold, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Valerian, may weed, chamomile, marigold

      • Crystals: Goldstone

      • Other: Runes - Fehu, Raidho, Sowilo

    • Offerings: Mead, cedar incense, amber stones

  • Bragi 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Middle-aged man with a long beard holding a harp

    • Roles: God of poetry, music, the harp, eloquence, and wisdom

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Orange

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Beech, fern, lily of the valley

      • Crystals: Agate, carnelian

      • Other: Runes - Ansuz, Gebo, Mannaz, Othala

    • Offerings: Mead, poetry, stories and beautiful writing

  • Eir 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Young woman with long brown-red hair, often holding a staff

    • Roles: Goddess of healing and shamanic healers

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Purple, green, orange, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Apple, garlic

      • Crystals: Agate, aquamarine, carnelian

      • Other: Runes - Uruz

    • Offerings: Mead, healing salves & medical supplies

  • Forseti 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: A man with long red-blonde hair and a beard, holding a sword or gavel

    • Roles: God of justice, law, peace, and truth

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Yellow, silver, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Mountain ash, yew, ivy, holly

      • Crystals: Amethyst, aquamarine, lapis lazuli

      • Other: Runes - Tiwaz, Ingwaz, Jera, Raidho, Perthro

    • Offerings: Mead, ax, helping those suffering because of war

  • Freyja 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: A woman with very long blonde or red hair, sometimes holding a sword, often shown with her chariot pulled by cats 

    • Roles: The Great Goddess. The Goddess of Seidhr magic, eroticism, well-being, love, fertility, and battle; and Queen of the Valkyries

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Black, green, red, gold

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Alder, apple, birch, elder, mugwort, rose, tansy, mistletoe, yarrow

      • Crystals: Amber, copper, emerald, jade, malachite, moonstone, silver

      • Other: Runes - Fehu, Kannaz, Jera, Uruz

    • Offerings: Wheat, flowers, sugared fruit, corn dollies, mead

  • Freyr 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: A muscular man with long hair, often shirtless

    • Roles: God of fertility, prosperity, physical well-being, peace, and eroticism

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Gold, green, red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Ash, holly, ivy, mountain ash, St. John's Wort, yew

      • Crystals: Brass, bronze, gold, goldstone, rose quartz

      • Other: Runes - Ansuz, Ingwaz, Jera, Raidho, Sowilo

    • Offerings: Mead, grain, bread, honey

  • Frigg 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Middle-aged woman with long red hair, often shown next to a spinning wheel or in a throne next to her husband Odin

    • Roles: Goddess of marriage, motherhood, and civilization; Mother of all and protector of children

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Blue, silver, green, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Birch, fir, hawthorn, spindletree, elder

      • Crystals: Copper, emerald, moonstone, rose quartz, silver

      • Other: Runes - Berkano, Dagaz, Mannaz, Uruz

    • Offerings: Mead, yarn

  • Gefjun 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: A young woman with long red hair, often shown with her oxen plow

    • Roles: Goddess of fertility, plow, virtue, and unmarried women

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Gold, green, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Alder, corn, elder, hawthorn, thyme, wheat, yarrow

      • Crystals: Amber, copper, malachite

      • Other: Runes - Fehu, Gebo, Jera

    • Offerings: Mead, white stones

  • Heimdall 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: A man, often shown with an armored helmet and holding his famous horn, Gjallarhorn

    • Roles: God of light and guardianship; Guardian of Asgard

    • Associations:

      • Colors: White, rainbow

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Oak, rose, verbena

      • Crystals: Amethyst, aquamarine, bronze, copper, gold

      • Other: Runes - Ehwaz, Ingwaz, Mannaz, Tiwaz

    • Offerings: Horns, multi-colored items, mead

  • Hel

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Half-Giantess; Many different appearances depending on the version of the myth: half-blue, half-flesh colored; half-pale white, half-black; half young maiden, half corpse

    • Roles: Goddess of the dead and afterlife; Queen of Helheim

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Black, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Wormwood, juniper, belladonna, willow, yew

      • Crystals: Black agate, jet, lead, obsidian, onyx

      • Other: Runes - Berkano, Hagalaz, Isa

    • Offerings: Blood, bones, soil, dead leaves, mead, crystal ball, dried red rose petals

  • Idun 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Very beautiful young woman with either long red or long blonde hair

    • Roles: Goddess of immortality, youth, and beauty

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Green, gold

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Birch, fir, hawthorn, apple, rose, willow

      • Crystals: Copper, crystal, quartz, smoky topaz

      • Other: Runes - Ehwaz, Othala

    • Offerings: Apples, mead, polished stones, nuts, gardening tools

  • Jord 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Giantess: woman with long blonde hair, often shown with roots growing on her, trees, leaves, and water

    • Roles: Goddess of the Earth

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Green

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Tree bark, moss, and green herbs and flowers

      • Crystals: Green stones

      • Other: Runes - Othala, Raidho, Dagaz

    • Offerings: Take care of the earth, offer flora

  • Loki 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Giant; Handsome man with blonde hair (maybe red, maybe brown). He is a shapeshifter, and was notably a salmon, mare, and a fly

    • Roles: God of mischief, fire, and misfortune; The Trickster and Father of Lies

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Black, red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Beech, blackthorn, elder, elm, ivy, juniper, mullein, thistle, willow, yew

      • Crystals: Black agate, jet, lead, obsidian, onyx

      • Other: Runes - Kenaz, Nauthiz, Thurisaz

    • Offerings: Mead, liquor, sweets, knives, toys

  • Mani 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Man with fair/pale skinned like the moon and beautiful

    • Roles: God of the Moon

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Silver, white, black

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Water lily, seaweed, periwinkle, night-blooming flowers

      • Crystals: Aquamarine, moonstone, quartz

      • Other: Runes - Dagaz, Ehwaz

    • Offerings: Liquor, cookies, fragrant flowers

  • Mimir 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Giant; Old man with wrinkled skin, and red hair and beard

    • Roles: God of knowledge and wisdom; The Wise One

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Yellow, blue, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Ash, celandine, chamomile, marigold, mistletoe, St. John's Wort

      • Crystals: Chrysolite, copper, gold, jacinth, topaz

      • Other: Runes - Ansuz, Dagaz, Ehwaz, Laguz, Mannaz, Othal

    • Offerings: Water, mead, skull imagery

  • Nanna 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Young beautiful woman with long strawberry blonde hair, often braided

    • Roles: Goddess of love, romance, joy, and peace

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Pale green, silver

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Birch, fir, hawthorn, mugwort, rose, willow

      • Crystals: Moonstone, quartz, silver

      • Other: Runes - Berkano, Uruz, Wunjo

    • Offerings: Mead, poetry, cake

  • Njord 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Large, muscular man with long brown hair and beard often holding either a sword or trident and in or near the ocean

    • Roles: Goddess of the sea, rivers, wind, and fish; Lord of abundance and material well-being

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Sea-blue 

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Ferns, oak, oak moss, verbena

      • Crystals: Amethyst, aquamarine, tin, turquoise

      • Other: Runes - Fehu, Ehwaz, Laguz, Mannaz, Othala

    • Offerings: Fish shaped cakes, mead, miniature ship, fishing net

  • Odin

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Tall old man with a long gray beard and one eye

    • Roles: God of war, wisdom, poetry, magic, and ecstasy; The All-Father

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Black, orange, red, dark blue, gray

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Beech, ferns, mandrake, marjoram, valerian, yew

      • Crystals: Agate, carnelian, gold, jet, onyx, tin

      • Other: Runes - Ansuz, Dagaz, Ehwaz, Ingwaz, Jera, Lagaz, Othala, Wunjo

    • Offerings: Mead, evergreen branch, rune stones

  • Sif 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Young woman with very long golden hair

    • Roles: Goddess of the harvest

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Gold, green

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Birch, chamomile, fir, hawthorn, mugwort, rose, willow

      • Crystals: Brass, bronze, copper, crystal, quartz, smoky topaz

      • Other: Runes - Berkano, Gebo, Jera, Wunjo

    • Offerings: Grain, beer, honey, mead

  • Sigyn 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Woman with long hair often plaited (blonde, dark brown, and red)

    • Roles: Goddess of fidelity (loyalty, faithfulness)

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Light pastel colors, pink

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Birch, fir, hawthorn, mugwort, rose, willow

      • Crystals: Bronze, copper, crystal, quartz, smoky topaz

      • Other: Runes - Sowilo, Uruz, Wunjo

    • Offerings: Flowers, liquor, silver chalices, ashes

  • Sjofn 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Young woman with long red hair, often shown in a flowing red dress or cloak

    • Roles: Goddess of love, friendship, and compassion

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red, white, blue

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Alder, birch, elder, mugwort, rose, willow

      • Crystals: Amber, copper, emerald, jade, malachite, moonstone, silver

      • Other: Runes - Gebo, Wunjo

    • Offerings: Mead, heart shaped cake

  • Skadi 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Giantess; with pale skin and either long white or red hair, often on skis with a spear

    • Roles: Goddess of winter and the Hunt; Mistress of dark magic

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Black, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Beech, blackthorn, elder, elm, ivy, juniper, mullein, willow

      • Crystals: Black agate, jet, obsidian, onyx, tin

      • Other: Runes - Ehwaz, Hagalaz. Isa, Kenaz, Thurisaz

    • Offerings: Snow, dead branches, mead, meat

  • Sol/Sunna 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Beautiful woman with golden hair, fair skin

    • Roles: Goddess of the Sun

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red, yellow, gold

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Chili, coffee, garlic, sunflower

      • Crystals: Fire opal, ruby, sunstone, volcanic stone, citrine

      • Other: Runes - Sowilo, Dagaz

    • Offerings: Cider, mead, sunflowers, fruits

  • Thor 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Large, built man with red hair and a red beard

    • Roles: God of thunder, battle, weather, protection, inspiration, magical power, and personal strength

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red, blue

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Acorns, oak, oak moss, thistle

      • Crystals: Carnelian, iron, lodestone, red agate, steel

      • Other: Runes - Ansuz, Ehwaz, Ingwaz, Raidho, Thurisaz

    • Offerings: Rainwater, mead, Mjolnir imagery

  • Tyr 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Middle-aged man with long hair and beard (sometimes gray or dark brown), often shown with a shield and spear

    • Roles: Goddess of war, protection, divination, astronomy, strength, and courage

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Orange, yellow, red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Blackthorn, juniper, oak, thistle, vervain

      • Crystals: Bronze, gray agate, smoky topaz, steel

      • Other: Runes - Ehwaz, Ingwaz, Jera, Kenaz, Thurisaz

    • Offerings: Sword imagery, mead

  • Ullr 

    • Culture: Norse

    • Forms: Man with blonde or red hair and beard, shown on skis with a bow and arrow

    • Roles: Goddess of hunting and dueling; greatest archer and skier

    • Associations:

      • Colors: White, yellow

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Beech, fern, mandrake, marjoram, valerian

      • Crystals: Agate, carnelian

      • Other: Runes -  Ehwaz, Isa, Perthro, Tiwaz

    • Offerings: Mead, jagermeister, peppermint schnapps

Roman

  • Bellona

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Often depicted as a beautiful woman with long side swept hair wearing a military helmet and armor, carrying a shield and either a spear, sword, bloody whip or blood red torch

    • Roles: Goddess of war, destruction, conquest, and bloodlust

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Belladonna

      • Crystals: Garnet, ruby, bloodstone

      • Other: Sword, spear, trumpet 

    • Offerings: Red wine, sword imagery, candles, incense

  • Carmenta

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Not many depictions; always a beautiful woman with dark hair, sometimes holding a baby, sometimes writing the alphabet on a tablet or scroll, sometimes standing and wearing a white dress

    • Roles: Goddess of childbirth and prophecy; Goddess of charms; protector of mothers and children; patron of midwives; credited as the inventor of the Latin alphabet

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Blue, white, yellow

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Bay laurel, walnut, willow, juniper, rue

      • Crystals: Opal, amethyst, quartz, lapis lazuli, carnelian, amber, blue lace agate

      • Other: Alphabet, musical instruments, babies, divinatory tools 

    • Offerings: Milk, water, olive oil, salt, honey, flowers, cheese

  • Ceres

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Depicted as a matronly woman, wearing a robe and holding either a sheaf of grain, staff, or torch; sometimes she is exposing one breast (likely symbolizing her ties to motherhood and fertility)

    • Roles: Goddess of agriculture, fertility, grains, the harvest, motherhood, the earth, and cultivated crops

    • Associations:

      • Colors:  

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Poppy, 

      • Crystals: 

      • Other: sickle, torches, crown of wheat stalks, cornucopia with fruits, sow

    • Offerings: Grains, baked goods, beer, wine, honey, salt, incense, pig imagery

  • Cupid

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: A young winged boy, carrying a bow and arrows, sometimes a torch; in some depictions he appears in multiples, as the Amores 

    • Roles: God of desire, erotic love, attraction, and affection

    • Associations:

      • Colors: 

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: 

      • Crystals: 

      • Other: Bow and arrow, dolphin, 

    • Offerings: Apples, grapes, roses

  • Diana

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Often depicted  as a beautiful, young woman wearing a short tunic and hunting boots carrying a bow and set of arrows; accompanied by a deer or hunting dogs. Sometimes shown with a crescent moon on her forehead (to symbolize her being part of the triple goddess)

    • Roles: Goddess of the hunt, wild animals, fertility, and the Moon; goddess on earth of the crescent moon 

    • Associations:

      • Colors: White, silver, indigo, black

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Apple, balm, beech, jasmine, mugwort, oak, vervain, wormwood

      • Crystals: Moonstone, amethyst, jade

      • Other: Bow and arrows, deer, dogs, crescent moon,  

    • Offerings: Blueberries, honey, cake, eggs, grapes, milk, pumpkin, white wine

  • Feronia

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Many depictions; always a beautiful woman, sometimes with red hair like fire, sometimes partially-nude surrounded by leaves, sometimes wearing a simple dress with a leaf crown

    • Roles: Goddess of wildlife, fertility, health, abundance, and freedom; Patroness and liberator of slaves

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Purple, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Wildflowers

      • Crystals: Amethyst, quartz

      • Other: Unknown

    • Offerings: Coins, wine, fruit juice, fresh fruit, sweet bread, cake

  • Fortuna

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Often depicted as a woman with a gubernaculum (ship's rudder), a ball or Rota Fortunae (wheel of fortune) and a cornucopia; sometimes veiled or blindfolded

    • Roles: Goddess of chance, luck and fate; previously associated with agriculture and prosperity of crops

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Unknown

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Unknown 

      • Crystals: Unknown

      • Other: Globe, cornucopia, wheel, wreath

    • Offerings: Honey, milk, poppies, cake

  • Janus

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Depicted as a man with a double-faced head, either with or without a beard; sometimes with one older face and one young. Occasionally he was depicted as four-faced—as the spirit of the four-way arch.

    • Roles: God of beginnings, gates, transitions, time, duality, doorways, passages, and ending

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red, black, blue

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Frankincense, amber, oak 

      • Crystals: Garnet

      • Other: Masks, coins, clocks 

    • Offerings: Keys, honey, cake, incense, wine

  • Juno

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Often depicted as a beautiful, matronly woman wearing a goatskin cloak and diadem, and holding a sword and shield; other depictions show her as a veiled woman holding a flower in one hand and an infant in the other; she also can be sometimes seen driving her chariot that is drawn by lions

    • Roles: Goddess of marriage and childbirth; Queen of the gods; Spirit of time: matron and protector of women

    • Associations:

      • Colors: White, blue, purple, green, silver, red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Fig, iris, lily, poppy, rose, willow, lotus

      • Crystals: Pearls, garnet, citrine, amber, star sapphire

      • Other: Snakes, goats, wolves, peacock, crow, geese

    • Offerings: Wine, water, coins, flowers, lamb or beef, barley cakes

  • Jupiter

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Depicted as an older man with a beard and long hair, often holding a scepter with an eagle next to him

    • Roles: God of the sky and lightning; King of the gods

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Dark blue, dark purple

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Dandelion, nutmeg, oak, rose, sage

      • Crystals: Amethyst, lapis lazuli, emerald, green aventurine

      • Other: Lightning bolt, eagle, oak tree

    • Offerings: Gold, cinnamon, silver, grapes, cakes, incense, wine

  • Liber

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Depicted as a young man wearing a wreath made of ivy berries and leaves (sometimes grapes), also wearing just a shoulder cloth made of either leopard or deer skin 

    • Roles: God of wine-making, wine, fertility, freedom

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Purple

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Ivy, walnut trees, fig trees

      • Crystals: Amethyst

      • Other: Phallus symbols

    • Offerings: Honey cakes, fruits, vegetables, packets of seeds, wine

  • Luna

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Depicted as a young beautiful woman with long black hair, with a crescent moon on her forehead, often standing in a silver chariot, pulled by horses, oxen, or serpentine dragons

    • Roles: Goddess of the Moon; embodiment of the moon; goddess in heaven of the full moon (part of the triple goddess)

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Silver, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Jasmine, poppy, rose, myrtle, willow

      • Crystals: Moonstones, pearl, quartz

      • Other: Moon, owl, raven

    • Offerings: Milk, honey, grain, fruit, cake, night-blooming flowers

  • Mars

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Usually depicted as either bearded and mature, or young and clean-shaven. Nude or seminude, he often wears a helmet or carries a spear as emblems of his warrior nature

    • Roles: God of war; agricultural guardian

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Bay laurel, dogwood, oak, ash tree, willow

      • Crystals: Garnet, ruby, bloodstone

      • Other: Spear of Mars, wolf, woodpecker, bear, armor

    • Offerings: Wheat, meat, wine

  • Mercury

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Depicted as a younger fit man with curly hair, often partially nude with a robe, holding a caduceus; sometimes wearing winged sandals

    • Roles: God of financial gain, commerce, eloquence, messages, communication, travelers, boundaries, luck, trickery, merchants, thieves; guider of souls to the Underworld

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Silver, gold

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Anise, dill, fennel, dog’s mercury 

      • Crystals: Iron, silver, gold 

      • Other: Caduceus, winged sandals, winged hat, tortoise, ram, rooster

    • Offerings: Incense, wine, coins, honey, feathers, honey, cake

  • Minerva

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Often depicted as tall, athletic woman with a muscular build, wearing armor and carrying a spear; often pictured with an owl

    • Roles: Goddess of wisdom, strategic warfare, justice, law, victory, music, poetry, medicine, wisdom, commerce, weaving, and the crafts

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Olive, mulberry, alder, geranium

      • Crystals: Moonstone, amethyst, quartz, moss agate, diamond, silver, pearl

      • Other: Owl, olive branch, spear, snake, spider, spindle

    • Offerings: Olives, things made of silver, needlework, incense, milk, owl imagery

  • Neptune

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Often depicted as a mature man with a sturdy build, long gray curly hair and a gray beard, holding a trident; in some art, he is shown sitting on a rock in the sea, or standing in a giant shell; sometimes riding a chariot pulled by seahorses

    • Roles: God of the seas

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Blue, dark blue, silver

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Pine, wild celery, mint

      • Crystals: Pearl, blue sapphire, aquamarine

      • Other: Horse, trident, dolphin, bull

    • Offerings: White wine, water, anything silver or dark blue, bull imagery

  • Orcus

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Many, many depictions that vary greatly. One that is most common is a hairy, giant beast, often with horns.

    • Roles: God of the underworld; punisher of broken oaths

  • Proserpina

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: 

    • Roles: Goddess of fertility, wine, seasonal agriculture; Queen of death; Matron of necromancers; strongly tied to Stregheria

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Black, green, blue, purple, dark red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Daisy, lily, lavender, narcissus, mint, iris, violet, rose, poppy, willow, cypress

      • Crystals: Onyx, obsidian, quartz, jasper, agate, citrine, topaz, peridot, sapphire, amethyst

      • Other: Torch, sheaf, pomegranate 

    • Offerings: Pomegranates, spring water, honey, wildflowers, grains, bread, milk, incense

  • Salacia

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Depicted as a beautiful nymph, crowned with seaweed, dressed in queenly robes with nets in her hair, either enthroned beside Neptune or driving with him in a pearl shell chariot drawn by dolphins or sea-horses

    • Roles: Goddess of salt water; divinity of the sea

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Blue, white, green

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Unknown

      • Crystals: Aquamarine, blue topaz, pearl, moss agate

      • Other: Dolphins

    • Offerings: Salt water, incense

  • Sancus

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Unknown

    • Roles: Ancient God of trust, honesty, and oaths 

  • Saturn

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Often depicted as an older muscular man with a long, white beard and curly hair; sometimes with wings, often holding a scythe

    • Roles: God of time, wealth and agriculture

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Black, gray

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Dill, rosemary, garlic, hyssop, St. John's wort, valerian, patchouli, cypress, yew, hellebore, hemlock, hemp, holly, juniper, mandrake, pine

      • Crystals: Hematite, jet, jasper, black obsidian, smoky quartz, onyx

      • Other: Scythe

    • Offerings: Wine, cheese, bread, incense

  • Silvanus

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Usually depicted as an average countryman; usually with a buff build, and a very long and thick beard

    • Roles: God of woods and uncultivated lands; protector of field boundaries and cattle; protector against wolves

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Green, brown

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Cypress 

      • Crystals: Unknown

      • Other: Pan flute

    • Offerings: Grapes, grain, milk, meat, and wine

  • Sol

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Depicted as a man with a radiant crown, sometimes driving a horse-drawn carriage through the sky

    • Roles: God of the Sun; personification of the sun

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Gold, yellow, white

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Sunflower

      • Crystals: Amber, sunstone

      • Other: Chariot, solar disc

    • Offerings: Honey, golden cakes, golden raisins, white wine, gold and gold items, sunflowers, candles

  • Terra Mater/Tellus Mater

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Usually depicted as a lush, beautiful, and matronly looking woman reclining amongst trees and the seasons (as children), sometimes rising from the ground

    • Roles: Goddess of the Earth; personification of the Earth

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Green

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: All of them!

      • Crystals: Agate, quartz, emerald, green calcite, turquoise, malachite, peridot, amazonite, moonstone

      • Other: Cornucopia, cattle

    • Offerings: Tea, bread, clay, vegetables, fruit, honey, bread

  • Venus

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: A beautiful woman with long brown hair, almost always depicted nude; sometimes standing up holding a robe, or lying down on a robe (whether in a room or out in nature); her most famous depiction is that in the Birth of Venus painting by Sandro Botticelli, where she is nude, but slightly covered by her hands and long beautiful hair, standing in a giant scallop shell

    • Roles: Goddess of love, beauty, desire, sex, fertility, prosperity and victory; previously was just the Goddess of blossoms, gardens, and fertile soil

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Pink, red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Myrtle, rose, apple, myrrh, cinnamon, cypress, daisy, iris, marjoram, olive, orris, quince

      • Crystals: Pearl, rose quartz

      • Other: Dove, pine cones, flowers, swan, scallop shell

    • Offerings: Berries, pine cones, flowers (particularly roses), milk, honey, pearls, chocolate 

  • Veritas

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Depicted as a young beautiful woman dressed in white or as the "naked truth" (nuda veritas) holding a hand mirror

    • Roles: Goddess of truth

    • Associations:

      • Colors: White

  • Vesta

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Rarely portrayed, usually represented/depicted as a flame; when depicted in human form, she is seen as a beautiful young woman in a modest dress, sometimes veiled, and accompanied by a donkey

    • Roles: Goddess of the hearth, home, and family; Lady of the Flame

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Red 

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Bay laurel, hemp, orchis root, thistle 

      • Crystals: Fire opal, snowflake obsidian, black sapphire, black diamond 

      • Other: Donkey, cauldron, hearth, veils

    • Offerings: Incense, milk, bread, baked goods, salt cakes 

  • Vulcan

    • Culture: Roman

    • Forms: Depicted as a bearded man typically in a shoulder robe, sitting on an anvil; sometimes standing with a sword and armor beneath him or holding a blacksmith’s hammer

    • Roles: God of fire, metalworking, and the forge

    • Associations:

      • Colors: Gold, red

      • Herbs/flowers/spices: Frankincense 

      • Crystals: Iron, silver, gold

      • Other: Anvil

    • Offerings: Incense, tree branches, grilled fish, wine

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Witchcraft A-Z